Comprehensive SWMS for Plant Installation, Soil Preparation, and Establishment Care

Landscape Planting Safe Work Method Statement

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Landscape planting encompasses the installation of trees, shrubs, groundcovers, and herbaceous plants to create functional and aesthetically pleasing outdoor environments in residential, commercial, and public construction projects. This essential phase transforms prepared landscape areas into established vegetated spaces meeting design specifications, environmental requirements, and client expectations whilst supporting long-term plant health and sustainability. Planting operations require careful handling of living materials following horticultural best practices, proper soil preparation ensuring adequate drainage and nutrition, precise installation techniques supporting establishment success, and appropriate aftercare during critical establishment periods. Workers face hazards including manual handling injuries from lifting heavy root balls and soil materials, exposure to biological agents including snake bites and bites from spiders sheltering in plant stock, repetitive strain from sustained bending and digging activities, and contact with thorny or toxic plant species causing injuries or allergic reactions. This SWMS provides comprehensive safety controls addressing these risks whilst ensuring quality plant installation meeting Australian Standards and horticultural specifications.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

Landscape planting is the culminating activity in landscape construction projects where plant materials including trees, shrubs, groundcovers, and ornamental species are installed following design documentation and horticultural specifications. This skilled trade combines knowledge of plant biology, soil science, and construction techniques to establish vegetation that will thrive in site-specific conditions whilst meeting aesthetic, functional, and environmental objectives. Planting operations typically commence following completion of hardscape elements including paving, edging, and irrigation infrastructure, with timing coordinated to coincide with appropriate planting seasons for plant types and local climate conditions. Australian planting seasons vary by climate zone with temperate regions favouring autumn and spring planting avoiding summer heat stress and winter waterlogging, whilst tropical and subtropical zones may plant year-round with monsoon awareness, and arid regions concentrating plantings during cooler months when water stress is minimised. Plant materials arrive on construction sites through various supply chains and formats each requiring specific handling protocols. Container-grown plants in plastic pots ranging from small 140mm tubes for groundcovers to large 400mm containers for feature shrubs represent the most common supply format offering flexibility in planting timing and relatively straightforward installation. These plants have developed root systems confined within container volume and require careful root management during installation preventing root circling that constrains future growth. Advanced trees and large shrubs may be supplied as root-balled specimens where plants grown in field nurseries are excavated with intact soil ball wrapped in hessian and secured with wire or rope for transport and handling. Root ball sizes are specified based on tree trunk diameter with typical balls ranging from 450mm diameter for small trees to 1500mm or greater for large advanced specimens weighing several hundred kilograms requiring mechanical handling equipment. Some specialist applications use bare-root deciduous stock lifted during dormancy and transported without soil around roots - these require immediate installation and careful handling preventing root desiccation. Soil preparation for landscape planting is critical for long-term plant health and establishment success. Construction sites typically have degraded soils from trafficking, compaction during building works, removal of topsoil during excavation, or contamination from building materials and waste. Site assessment identifies soil constraints including compaction levels, pH extremes, poor drainage, nutrient deficiencies, or contamination requiring remediation before planting proceeds. Soil amelioration may involve deep ripping to alleviate compaction, incorporation of organic matter including compost or aged manure improving soil structure and water holding capacity, pH adjustment using lime for acidic soils or gypsum and sulphur for alkaline conditions, installation of drainage systems addressing waterlogging issues, or complete replacement of unsuitable soils with imported quality growing medium meeting Australian Standard AS 4419 for soils in landscaping and garden use. Planting hole preparation follows horticultural principles ensuring adequate root zone volume for plant establishment and growth. Hole dimensions typically specify width at least twice the root ball diameter providing unrestricted root expansion, and depth matching or slightly shallower than root ball height preventing root collar burial that can cause stem rot and plant death. Hole sides should be roughened or scarified breaking compacted glazing that can impede root penetration into surrounding soil. For clay soils with poor drainage, planting holes may be augured or deepen and backfilled with free-draining material, whilst excessively sandy soils may require amelioration with clay and organic matter improving water and nutrient retention. Tree planting in particular requires generous root zones with some specifications requiring 1-2 cubic metres of quality soil per tree supporting long-term growth and stability. Installation techniques vary by plant type and size. Small container plants are simply removed from pots, root systems teased to encourage outward growth if root-bound, positioned at correct height in prepared hole, backfilled with appropriate soil mix, and firmed to eliminate air pockets whilst avoiding excessive compaction. Advanced trees require more complex installation including mechanical handling of heavy root balls using excavators or telehandlers, careful positioning ensuring correct orientation and straight alignment, hessian and wire removal from upper root ball avoiding root disturbance, strategic backfilling in layers with compaction between lifts, and installation of staking or guying systems providing stability during establishment. Staking specifications vary from single stakes for small trees to tripod arrangements for larger specimens or guy wires anchored to ground anchors for advanced trees on exposed sites. All staking must allow controlled movement supporting trunk caliper development whilst preventing windthrow or root ball movement that disrupts establishing roots.

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Why this SWMS matters

Safe Work Method Statements for landscape planting operations are essential under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 particularly when work involves high-risk construction activities including excavation for planting holes and soil amelioration potentially contacting underground services, operation of mobile plant for material handling and advanced tree installation, manual handling of heavy plant stock and soil materials, and work in environments harbouring biological hazards including venomous snakes and spiders. Without systematic risk management and documented safety controls, landscape planting workers face serious injury risks including musculoskeletal damage from heavy lifting, snake bites and spider bites potentially causing life-threatening envenomation, underground service strikes causing electrocution or explosion hazards, and injuries from thorny or toxic plants requiring medical treatment. Manual handling injuries represent the predominant hazard in landscape planting operations due to the inherent requirement to lift, carry, and position heavy plant materials and soil amendments. Advanced trees with root balls can weigh from 100kg for modest specimens to over 500kg for large mature trees, creating severe crushing and musculoskeletal injury risks if handled manually. Even medium-sized shrubs in 300-400mm containers can weigh 20-40kg when including saturated growing medium, and planting projects may require installation of hundreds of individual plants creating cumulative musculoskeletal loading even when individual lifts are within theoretical safe limits. Bags of soil, compost, and mulch typically weighing 20-25kg require repetitive lifting from vehicles or pallets, carrying across sites often on uneven ground or slopes, and pouring into planting holes - activities conducted dozens or hundreds of times per project. Workers frequently adopt awkward postures during planting hole excavation requiring sustained bending or kneeling, and during plant positioning within holes requiring precision whilst supporting plant weight. Lower back injuries from improper lifting technique, shoulder strains from carrying heavy loads, knee damage from prolonged kneeling on hard surfaces, and acute injuries from dropped plants or materials landing on feet constitute common injury patterns. The SWMS must specify mandatory mechanical handling for heavy plant stock, two-person lift protocols for moderate weights, task rotation to vary muscle group loading, and provision of mechanical aids including trolleys and hoists reducing manual handling demands. Biological hazards including venomous snakes, spiders, and stinging insects present serious risks in landscape planting environments. Plant nurseries often harbour populations of snakes and spiders attracted by sheltered habitat in plant containers and stock areas. Brown snakes, tiger snakes, and other species may shelter beneath pots, in irrigation pipe bundles, or within dense plant foliage, and can be transported to construction sites within plant deliveries. Redback spiders commonly inhabit the undersides and drainage holes of plastic plant containers particularly those stored outdoors for extended periods. Funnel-web spiders may be present in moist soil around plants particularly in coastal regions. Disturbing plant material during unloading and installation can provoke defensive strikes or bites. Ground preparation activities including moving existing vegetation, lifting materials stored on ground, or working in garden beds can disturb snakes sheltering in these locations. Workers in regional or remote construction sites face delayed access to medical treatment if envenomation occurs, potentially worsening outcomes from snake bites requiring urgent antivenom administration. The SWMS must document creature avoidance protocols including inspection of plant deliveries before handling, systematic disturbance of vegetation creating vibration encouraging creatures to move away, provision of long-handled tools allowing distance from manual contact points, snake bite first aid training and equipment for all workers, and emergency response procedures including immediate work cessation and rapid transport to hospital if bites occur. Underground service strike risks affect landscape planting particularly during planting hole excavation and soil amelioration works. Excavations for advanced tree planting can extend 1-1.5 metres depth and 2-3 metres width creating substantial potential for service contact. Construction sites may have recently installed services not yet captured in Dial Before You Dig records, temporary services for construction phase use, or services in non-standard locations. Striking electrical cables during excavation with mechanical equipment or hand tools can cause fatal electrocution, arc flash burns, or secondary injuries from recoil. Gas line damage creates fire and explosion hazards plus asphyxiation risks. Water main strikes cause flooding, service disruption, and substantial repair costs plus contractor liability. Even telecommunication cable damage attracts significant penalties and contractor responsibility for repair and service disruption consequences. Service plans provide indicative locations only with actual positions potentially varying metres from shown positions particularly for older infrastructure or in areas with multiple past service relocations. The SWMS must mandate Dial Before You Dig enquiries for all projects involving excavation, electromagnetic service location for verification of actual positions, hand tool use for careful exposure within 500mm of marked services, and immediate work cessation if unexpected services are encountered during excavation.

Reinforce licensing, insurance, and regulator expectations for Landscape Planting Safe Work Method Statement crews before they mobilise.

Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

Manual Handling Injuries from Heavy Plant Stock and Soil Materials

High

Landscape planting requires extensive manual handling of heavy materials including advanced trees with root balls weighing 100-500kg or more, large shrubs in containers up to 40kg, bags of soil, compost, and mulch weighing 20-25kg each, and liquid-filled containers for watering weighing 15-20kg. Workers lift these materials from delivery vehicles or pallets typically positioned at ground level, carry across construction sites with uneven surfaces, slopes, and obstacles, and position precisely in planting holes often requiring held postures whilst aligning and setting plants. Root-balled trees present particularly awkward handling challenges as weight is concentrated in soil ball creating off-centre loading, dimensions are large requiring wide grip spread, and plants must be handled carefully preventing root ball disintegration that kills plants. Repetitive lifting occurs during large planting projects with workers handling hundreds of individual plants and thousands of kilograms of soil materials per project. Awkward postures are sustained during planting hole excavation requiring prolonged bending or kneeling, and during plant positioning requiring workers to lower heavy items into holes whilst maintaining control and precise alignment.

Consequence: Acute lower back strain or disc herniation from improper lifting technique, chronic lower back degeneration from cumulative heavy lifting over career, shoulder injuries including rotator cuff tears from carrying heavy awkward loads, knee damage and cartilage degeneration from prolonged kneeling during planting operations, hernias from excessive abdominal strain during lifting, crushed feet or toes if heavy root balls or plants are dropped during handling, and long-term musculoskeletal disability requiring modified duties or medical retirement from landscaping work.

Snake and Spider Bites from Creatures Sheltering in Plant Stock

High

Venomous snakes and spiders commonly shelter in plant nursery stock areas and can be transported to construction sites within plant deliveries. Brown snakes, tiger snakes, and other species shelter beneath containers, in bundled irrigation materials, or within dense plant foliage finding ideal habitat with moisture, shelter, and prey. Redback spiders inhabit undersides of plastic pots and within drainage holes particularly in containers stored outdoors for extended periods. Funnel-web spiders may be present in moist potting media. Handling plants during unloading and installation disturbs these creatures potentially provoking defensive bites. Ground preparation work including moving existing vegetation or materials stored on site can disturb snakes and spiders sheltering in these locations. Workers typically use hands to grip pots and root balls bringing fingers into direct contact with undersides where spiders shelter. Fast-paced work during large planting projects reduces vigilance and inspection time before handling. Gloves reduce tactile awareness potentially resulting in workers contacting creatures without immediate awareness until bite occurs.

Consequence: Snake bite envenomation requiring urgent medical treatment and antivenom administration, potential for fatal outcomes particularly from brown snake bites if treatment is delayed, severe pain and systemic symptoms from redback spider bites requiring medical assessment, funnel-web spider bites constituting medical emergencies requiring immediate hospitalisation and antivenom, multiple bee or wasp stings if nests are disturbed in plant foliage triggering anaphylactic reactions in sensitised individuals, work refusal and psychological trauma affecting willingness to continue landscaping work after serious incidents.

Underground Service Strikes During Planting Hole Excavation

High

Excavation of planting holes particularly for advanced trees can extend 1-1.5 metres depth and 2-3 metres width creating substantial potential for contact with underground services including electrical cables, gas lines, water mains, telecommunications infrastructure, and sewer lines. Construction sites often have incomplete service records with recently installed temporary services, services relocated during construction not yet mapped, or services in non-standard locations. Hand excavation using mattocks, shovels, or post hole diggers can penetrate service conduits or strike cables and pipes with sufficient force to cause damage. Mechanical excavation using bobcats, excavators, or augers for large tree holes multiplies strike forces creating catastrophic damage potential. Shallow services including irrigation lines, electrical conduits for garden lighting, or telecommunications cables may be buried at depths of only 300-500mm well within planting hole excavation zone. Damaged landscape design documentation may not show service locations accurately or may be based on as-designed positions rather than as-constructed final locations.

Consequence: Fatal electrocution from striking high-voltage electrical cables, severe arc flash burns from electrical faults, explosion and fire from damaged gas lines, asphyxiation in excavations from gas releases, major property damage and service disruption from water main or sewer strikes, substantial financial penalties for service damage with contractor liability for repairs and consequential losses, project delays whilst damaged services are repaired and investigations conducted, and loss of reputation affecting future project opportunities.

Injuries from Thorny or Toxic Plant Species

Medium

Many landscape plant species feature thorns, spines, or sharp leaf margins creating puncture and laceration risks during handling and installation. Roses have sharp thorns on stems capable of deep punctures, bougainvilleas feature strong curved thorns particularly hazardous when reaching into plant canopies, citrus species have substantial thorns on branches, grevilleas and hakeas have sharp pointed leaves, and agaves feature rigid spine-tipped leaves. Some plant species contain toxic sap causing skin irritation or more severe reactions - euphorbias produce milky latex causing dermatitis and potential eye damage, rhus species (including exotic smoke bush) can cause severe allergic contact dermatitis similar to poison ivy, and some native species including some grevillea cultivars cause contact allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. Handling these plants during unloading, transportation, and installation creates multiple opportunities for skin contact. Thorns can penetrate gloves particularly lightweight garden gloves not designed for handling thorny species. Sap contact may not cause immediate symptoms allowing continued exposure before reaction develops.

Consequence: Puncture wounds from thorns creating infection risk particularly if foreign material remains embedded requiring medical removal, eye injuries if thorns contact face during overhead reaching or bending under plants, allergic contact dermatitis from toxic sap causing severe itching, blistering, and skin damage requiring medical treatment, potential for severe systemic allergic reactions in highly sensitised individuals, and long-term sensitisation meaning ongoing reactivity preventing handling of certain plant species throughout career.

Heat Stress and UV Exposure During Outdoor Planting Work

Medium

Landscape planting operations occur entirely outdoors often on exposed construction sites lacking shade particularly during early project phases before canopy trees establish. Strenuous physical labour of digging, lifting, and carrying generates substantial metabolic heat. Australian climate conditions include extreme heat days with temperatures exceeding 35-40°C in many regions during summer months when construction activity peaks. Workers commonly underestimate heat stress risk during planting work due to focus on production targets and project deadlines. Inadequate hydration combined with heat generation from physical work and environmental heat loading causes progressive core temperature elevation. Heat stress symptoms including dizziness, nausea, headache, and reduced coordination affect work capacity and increase injury risk from loss of concentration or physical capability. Chronic sun exposure during outdoor work significantly increases skin cancer risk with Australia having amongst the world's highest melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer rates particularly affecting outdoor workers with decades of cumulative UV exposure.

Consequence: Heat exhaustion causing dizziness, nausea, muscle cramps, and severe fatigue requiring work cessation and recovery, progression to heat stroke with confusion, loss of consciousness, and potential fatality if cooling and emergency medical treatment are delayed, dehydration affecting physical performance and increasing susceptibility to other injuries, acute sunburn causing pain and productivity loss, cumulative skin damage progressing to pre-cancerous lesions and skin cancers requiring ongoing medical monitoring and treatment, and long-term heat illness risk increasing with repeated episodes of heat stress.

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Mechanical Handling of Heavy Plant Stock and Soil Materials

Substitution

Substitute manual handling of heavy plant materials and soil amendments with mechanical handling equipment including forklifts, telehandlers, excavators with lifting attachments, or purpose-designed plant handling equipment. This substitution removes high-force manual lifting replacing it with mechanical systems, dramatically reducing musculoskeletal injury risk whilst improving efficiency and allowing safe handling of plant sizes that would be impossible to move manually.

Implementation

1. Establish mandatory mechanical handling for all advanced trees and shrubs with root balls exceeding 50kg or containers larger than 300mm - never attempt manual handling of these materials 2. Engage appropriate mechanical equipment for project scale: forklifts with pallet attachments for containerised stock, telehandlers for flexibility in reaching planting locations, or excavators with tree spades or lifting attachments for large specimens 3. Position mechanical equipment to place plants directly at planting hole locations eliminating manual carrying from drop-off point to final position 4. Use purpose-designed root ball lifting straps or baskets supporting plants safely during mechanical handling without root ball damage 5. For projects without mechanical equipment access due to narrow access or completed hardscape limitations, specify smaller plant sizes that permit safe manual handling rather than risking injury moving oversized stock 6. Provide trolleys, hand trucks, or wheeled plant carts for moving medium-sized container plants across sites reducing carrying requirements 7. Position plant delivery vehicles as close to planting areas as site permits minimising manual carrying distances for materials requiring hand handling 8. Use bulk soil delivery systems including bobcat or truck delivery directly to planting areas rather than individual bag handling where volume justifies 9. Implement gravity-assist techniques positioning vehicles or storage on high side of slopes allowing materials to be lowered to planting locations rather than carried uphill 10. Schedule adequate crew size for projects ensuring sufficient personnel available for safe team lifting of moderate loads without individuals exceeding safe handling limits

Plant Stock Inspection and Creature Avoidance Protocol

Administrative Control

Implement systematic inspection and handling protocols minimising likelihood of snake and spider encounters during plant handling operations. Require inspection of plant deliveries before handling, use of long-handled tools for initial disturbance, and systematic approach allowing creatures opportunity to move away before hand contact with pots or root balls. Combine with creature awareness training and emergency first aid preparedness.

Implementation

1. Inspect all plant deliveries upon arrival before unloading checking for obvious signs of snakes or spiders including webs, sloughed skins, or visual sighting of creatures 2. Use long-handled tools including rakes or hooks to disturb and lift plant containers initially rather than immediate hand contact creating opportunity for creatures to move away 3. Tap containers and root balls firmly before gripping creating vibration and noise encouraging snakes and spiders to exit before handling 4. Approach plant handling areas loudly creating noise and ground vibration that encourages snakes to move away from work area rather than remain concealed 5. Systematically work through plant stock from edges rather than reaching into centre of pallets or bundled groups where visibility and escape routes are limited 6. Conduct plant handling during warmer parts of day when reptiles are more active and likely to move away, rather than early morning when cold torpor reduces activity 7. Wear gloves during all plant handling but understand these provide minimal protection from bites - primary protection is avoidance not PPE 8. Maintain snake bite first aid kits in all work vehicles including pressure immobilisation bandages, markers, and instruction cards clearly accessible to all workers 9. Train all landscape workers in identification of common venomous snakes and spiders in regional area where projects occur 10. Implement immediate work cessation and evacuation protocol if venomous snake is sighted in work area - do not attempt capture or killing, call professional snake catcher if removal required, resume work only after area is verified clear

Underground Service Location and Safe Excavation Procedures

Elimination

Eliminate underground service strike risk through mandatory Dial Before You Dig enquiries, electromagnetic service location verification on site, and use of hand tools for excavation within critical zones near identified services. This control hierarchy eliminates the hazard of unexpected service contact rather than managing consequences after strikes occur, protecting both workers and critical infrastructure.

Implementation

1. Contact Dial Before You Dig (1100) minimum two business days before any ground disturbance work providing accurate site location information 2. Obtain service plans from all asset owners identifying locations of electrical, gas, water, telecommunications, and sewer infrastructure 3. Engage qualified service locator with electromagnetic detection equipment to verify actual service positions on ground before excavation commences 4. Mark all identified service locations on ground using appropriate colour-coded paint per AS 5488 (red electrical, yellow gas, blue water, orange telecommunications) 5. Maintain 500mm minimum clearance from marked service locations when using mechanical excavation equipment including bobcats, excavators, or augers 6. Use hand tools exclusively for excavation within 500mm of marked services allowing tactile feedback and immediate stop if unexpected resistance encountered 7. Adjust planting hole locations if service conflicts arise rather than excavating directly over or adjacent to critical services - relocate plants by 1-2 metres if necessary 8. Carefully expose services where excavation must cross service alignments supporting cables or pipes to prevent damage from sagging or ground movement 9. Clearly mark any exposed services with high-visibility bunting or barrier tape preventing accidental contact during subsequent planting operations 10. Halt work immediately and contact relevant service authority if unexpected services are encountered during excavation - never attempt to work around unknown services without authority approval and guidance

Ergonomic Work Practices and Postural Variation

Administrative Control

Reduce musculoskeletal injury risk through ergonomic work practices including correct lifting techniques, task rotation varying physical demands, use of appropriate tools reducing force requirements, and scheduled breaks allowing recovery from sustained physical work. Focus on preventing development of cumulative musculoskeletal disorders through work design rather than relying solely on individual worker strength or resilience.

Implementation

1. Train all workers in correct manual lifting technique emphasising leg muscle use rather than back, maintaining loads close to body, avoiding twisting whilst loaded, and team lifting for loads exceeding individual capacity 2. Implement task rotation requiring workers to alternate between digging, carrying, planting, and finishing tasks at 1-2 hour intervals varying muscle group loading 3. Provide ergonomic tools including long-handled shovels and spades reducing bending during excavation, quality sharpened edges reducing force requirements, and lightweight materials reducing tool fatigue 4. Supply kneeling pads or knee protectors for workers conducting sustained kneeling during planting operations reducing knee compression on hard ground 5. Schedule regular breaks every 2 hours during intensive physical work allowing muscle recovery and preventing fatigue accumulation that increases injury risk 6. Encourage use of mechanical post hole diggers or augers for projects with numerous planting holes reducing repetitive digging effort 7. Position materials at optimal working height using pallets or platforms reducing bending during bag retrieval from ground level 8. Allow adequate project timeframes avoiding excessive production pressure that encourages risky lifting practices or inadequate break compliance 9. Conduct pre-shift stretching routine targeting key muscle groups including back, shoulders, legs, and arms preparing for physical work 10. Monitor workers for signs of excessive fatigue including reduced work rate, complaints of pain or discomfort, or compromised technique indicating need for additional breaks or task reassignment

Heat Stress Prevention and UV Protection Programme

Administrative Control

Prevent heat-related illness through comprehensive heat management programme including work scheduling avoiding peak heat periods, mandatory rest breaks with shade access, enhanced hydration protocols, and heat acclimatisation procedures for new workers. Integrate sun protection addressing skin cancer risks from chronic UV exposure during outdoor work across Australian's high UV environment.

Implementation

1. Monitor weather forecasts and Bureau of Meteorology heat warnings scheduling intensive planting work during cooler morning and late afternoon periods when possible 2. Implement mandatory 10-minute rest breaks in shade every 45-60 minutes when working in temperatures exceeding 30°C or as determined by workplace heat stress policy 3. Establish shaded rest areas using temporary gazebos, shade cloth, or vehicle shade providing cool recovery space even on exposed construction sites 4. Provide insulated water containers with cool water accessible at all work areas targeting consumption 200-250ml every 15-20 minutes during high heat 5. Include electrolyte replacement options during extreme heat preventing hyponatraemia from excessive plain water intake without electrolyte replacement 6. Train all workers in heat stress recognition including symptom progression from heat exhaustion (dizziness, nausea, headache) to heat stroke (confusion, loss of consciousness) requiring emergency response 7. Implement buddy system requiring workers to monitor colleagues for heat stress symptoms and intervene if concerning signs observed 8. Provide broad-brimmed hats, long-sleeved sun-safe shirts in light colours, and SPF 50+ sunscreen in all work vehicles for mandatory use during outdoor work 9. Schedule acclimatisation period for workers new to outdoor physical work or returning after extended absence gradually increasing work intensity over 5-7 days allowing physiological adaptation 10. Cease work and activate emergency response if heat stroke symptoms observed including immediate cooling with water, ice packs to groin and armpits, and emergency services (000) contact for urgent medical assessment

Personal Protective Equipment for Landscape Planting

Personal Protective Equipment

Provide comprehensive PPE addressing multiple hazards in landscape planting including manual handling support, biological hazards, sun exposure, and plant-specific risks from thorny or toxic species. Ensure PPE is task-appropriate, correctly fitted, maintained serviceable, replaced when damaged, and workers are trained in limitations and proper use. PPE provides final protective layer supporting higher-order controls.

Implementation

1. Issue steel-capped safety boots meeting AS/NZS 2210.3 protecting feet from dropped plant materials, tools, and soil bags with slip-resistant soles for wet and muddy ground 2. Provide durable work gloves with reinforced palms and fingers for general plant handling protecting from thorns, rough bark, and abrasion 3. Supply heavy-duty thorn-resistant gloves with extended cuffs for handling roses, bougainvilleas, citrus, and other thorny species providing enhanced protection 4. Issue safety glasses with side shields protecting eyes from branches during overhead work, soil debris during digging, and plant sap splash 5. Provide long-sleeved shirts in cotton or breathable synthetic fabric protecting arms from scratches, thorns, plant sap, and UV radiation 6. Issue long trousers (never shorts) protecting legs from ground contact during kneeling, scratches from vegetation, and UV exposure 7. Supply broad-brimmed hats with minimum 7.5cm brim providing comprehensive sun protection to face, neck, and ears 8. Provide SPF 50+ broad-spectrum sunscreen in all work vehicles for application to exposed skin before outdoor work with reapplication every 2 hours 9. Issue knee pads or knee protectors for workers conducting extensive kneeling during planting operations reducing knee compression and strain 10. Maintain PPE replacement schedule ensuring damaged, worn, or contaminated items are replaced promptly maintaining protective effectiveness

Download complete control procedures

Personal protective equipment

Requirement: AS/NZS 2210.3 with slip-resistant sole

When: Throughout all planting operations protecting feet from dropped plants, root balls, tools, and soil materials

Requirement: Leather or synthetic with reinforced palms

When: During general plant handling, digging, and material handling protecting from abrasion, thorns, and rough surfaces

Requirement: Heavy-duty with extended cuffs

When: When handling roses, bougainvilleas, citrus, grevilleas, and other thorny or prickly plant species

Requirement: Medium impact with side shields per AS/NZS 1337

When: Throughout planting operations protecting eyes from branches, soil debris, and potential plant sap splash

Requirement: Cotton or breathable synthetic in light colours

When: Throughout all outdoor planting work providing arm protection from sun, scratches, thorns, and plant sap

Requirement: Durable work trousers full leg length

When: Mandatory for all planting work protecting legs from kneeling contact, vegetation scratches, and UV exposure

Requirement: Minimum 7.5cm brim per Cancer Council guidelines

When: During all outdoor work for comprehensive UV protection to face, neck, and ears

Requirement: Broad spectrum per Cancer Council Australia

When: Applied to all exposed skin 20 minutes before outdoor work with reapplication every 2 hours or after sweating

Requirement: Foam or gel padding with secure straps

When: During sustained kneeling for planting operations reducing knee compression and improving comfort

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

✓Review landscape plans and plant schedules identifying species, quantities, locations, and any special installation requirements or staging
✓Inspect planting site assessing soil conditions, drainage, existing vegetation, slopes, and environmental constraints affecting planting operations
✓Verify plant materials have been delivered matching specification for species, sizes, container types, and quality standards - reject substandard stock
✓Check plant stock for signs of snakes or spiders conducting inspection before handling operations commence using long tools for initial disturbance
✓Confirm underground service location enquiry completed and service plans obtained marking locations on ground before excavation
✓Verify mechanical handling equipment is available and serviceable if required for heavy advanced trees or large shrub stock
✓Inspect tools and equipment including shovels, mattocks, post hole diggers, hoses, and stakes checking for damage or wear requiring replacement
✓Check soil amendments and planting materials availability including compost, fertiliser, mulch, and staking materials in sufficient quantities
✓Verify PPE serviceability including safety boots, gloves (general and thorn-resistant), safety glasses, hats, sunscreen, and knee pads
✓Assess weather conditions for heat stress risk, UV index, rain forecast affecting soil conditions, and extreme weather requiring postponement
✓Identify emergency assembly point, verify mobile phone reception, confirm location of nearest medical facility, and check first aid kit contents
✓Establish exclusion zones if mechanical equipment will operate preventing unauthorised entry to work areas during plant handling and installation

During work

✓Monitor manual handling techniques ensuring proper lifting posture, team coordination for heavy plants, and use of mechanical aids as required
✓Verify planting hole dimensions meet specification for width (minimum twice root ball diameter) and depth (matching or slightly shallower than root ball)
✓Check plant positioning in holes ensuring correct depth with root collar at or slightly above grade level preventing burial that causes decline
✓Observe backfilling procedures verifying soil is compacted adequately to eliminate air pockets whilst avoiding excessive compaction restricting root growth
✓Monitor for signs of underground services during excavation halting work immediately if cables, pipes, conduits, or unexpected materials encountered
✓Verify plants are oriented correctly considering aspect, directional growth, and aesthetic factors specified in landscape documentation
✓Check staking installation ensuring adequate support without over-constraint, correct tie placement avoiding bark damage, and appropriate tension
✓Observe workers for heat stress symptoms including excessive sweating, dizziness complaints, reduced work rate, or confusion requiring intervention
✓Monitor PPE use ensuring gloves remain on during plant handling, safety glasses are worn, hats provide sun protection, and sunscreen is reapplied
✓Verify watering of newly installed plants is occurring per specification establishing good soil contact and providing initial moisture for establishment

After work

✓Inspect completed planting verifying all scheduled plants are installed in correct locations matching landscape plan and specification
✓Check plant installation quality including depth, orientation, backfill compaction, staking adequacy, and initial watering completion
✓Verify mulch application around plantings at specified depth (typically 75-100mm) maintaining clearance from plant stems preventing rot
✓Clean all tools removing soil and debris before storage preventing corrosion and maintaining tool condition for future use
✓Properly dispose of waste materials including empty containers, excess soil, packaging, and dead or damaged plant material unsuitable for installation
✓Document completed work including plant species installed, quantities, locations, installation date, crew, and any variations from specification
✓Photograph completed areas from multiple angles providing visual record of installation quality and initial conditions for reference
✓Complete punch list identifying any remedial work required including replacement of damaged stock, additional staking, or soil amendment
✓Verify site is left clean and safe with excavations filled, trip hazards removed, excess materials cleared, and work area suitable for subsequent operations
✓Report any quality concerns, specification non-compliances, or installation difficulties to project manager for assessment and rectification planning
✓Document near-miss incidents, tool failures, or safety concerns for investigation and corrective action preventing future occurrence

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready

Site Assessment and Plant Material Inspection

Commence landscape planting operations with comprehensive site walkover assessing conditions and verifying readiness for planting. Review landscape documentation including plans, plant schedules, and specifications understanding species to be installed, locations, spacing, and any special requirements. Assess soil conditions observing texture, drainage, compaction, and identifying any areas requiring amelioration before planting. Note existing site features including existing vegetation to be retained, structures, paving, irrigation components, and underground service locations marked from Dial Before You Dig enquiries. Evaluate topography identifying slopes, drainage patterns, and areas requiring particular attention to water management. Inspect delivered plant materials verifying species match specification, quantities are correct, plant sizes and container types are as ordered, and overall plant health and quality meet standards. Check for obvious pest or disease issues, poor root development visible at container drainage holes, physical damage, or water stress requiring attention. Reject substandard plants not meeting quality specifications requesting replacement stock. Conduct biological hazard inspection of plant stock checking for signs of snakes or spiders including webs, sloughed skins, or visual sightings before commencing handling operations. Set up work areas positioning plant stock conveniently to planting locations, establishing tool and material staging areas, and arranging water supply for watering-in operations.

Safety considerations

Always conduct initial plant stock inspection for biological hazards using long-handled tools to disturb containers before hand contact. Verify underground service locations are clearly marked on ground before any excavation commences. Assess weather conditions including temperature and UV index implementing appropriate heat stress and sun protection measures. Identify nearest medical facility location and ensure emergency communication is possible from work area before commencing operations.

Planting Hole Excavation and Preparation

Excavate planting holes following horticultural best practices ensuring adequate root zone volume for establishment and growth. Mark hole locations on ground matching landscape plan positions and spacing requirements using spray paint, marker pegs, or layout string lines for bed plantings. Check marked locations against underground service plans avoiding excavation directly over or within 500mm of identified services - adjust hole positions if conflicts arise. Excavate holes to specified dimensions typically width minimum twice root ball diameter providing unrestricted root expansion space, and depth matching or slightly shallower than root ball height preventing root collar burial. For container plants, measure container height and excavate to matching depth. For root-balled trees, measure ball depth and excavate to 50mm shallower than ball height ensuring root collar will sit at or slightly above final grade. Use appropriate excavation tools: hand shovels and mattocks for small to medium holes in light soils, post hole diggers for uniform cylindrical holes for container plants, or mechanical augers or excavators for large advanced tree holes in challenging soils. Roughen or scarify hole sides using fork or mattock breaking up compacted glazing that impedes root penetration into surrounding soil. In clay soils with poor drainage, consider augering holes deeper and backfilling with drainage layer, or raising planting position above natural grade in mounded beds. Collect excavated soil for reuse as backfill, or dispose appropriately if unsuitable due to contamination or poor quality. Prepare backfill mix if specified combining excavated soil with compost, soil conditioner, and fertiliser per specification.

Safety considerations

Maintain 500mm minimum clearance from marked underground services when using mechanical excavation equipment. Use hand tools only within 500mm of services allowing tactile awareness and immediate stop if unexpected resistance encountered. Halt work immediately if unexpected services including cables, pipes, or conduits are encountered contacting relevant authority before proceeding. Use correct lifting technique when removing excavated soil from holes bending knees and using leg muscles rather than back. Take breaks during extensive excavation preventing fatigue accumulation affecting concentration and technique.

Plant Removal from Containers and Root Preparation

Remove plants from containers or prepare root-balled stock for installation ensuring root system integrity whilst encouraging future root growth into surrounding soil. For container plants, water thoroughly prior to removal ensuring root ball is moist and cohesive preventing disintegration during handling. Lay container on side and tap or press sides working around perimeter loosening root mass from pot walls. Support root ball whilst inverting container and withdrawing pot leaving intact root ball. Inspect root system checking for root circling, spiralling, or matting caused by extended container growth - this condition must be corrected preventing future growth restriction and plant instability. Tease circled roots outward using fingers, hand cultivator, or knife making vertical cuts through circled roots encouraging outward growth. For severely root-bound stock, make 3-4 vertical cuts 25-50mm deep from top to bottom of root ball sides and score or butterflying the bottom encouraging downward root growth. For root-balled trees, position in hole with ball intact and remove wrapping materials from upper half of ball only after positioning - leave hessian and wire on lower ball preventing disintegration. Natural hessian will decompose allowing root growth, but remove synthetic materials completely. Cut and fold back hessian from top of ball and remove wire cage from upper ball preventing future girdling as trunk expands. For bare-root deciduous stock, inspect roots removing any damaged or diseased portions with clean cuts, and soak in water bucket immediately before planting preventing desiccation.

Safety considerations

Wear thorn-resistant gloves when handling roses, bougainvilleas, citrus, and other thorny species protecting hands and forearms from punctures. Use two-person lift for heavy containers exceeding 20kg preventing back strain from awkward lifting of off-centre loads. Watch for spiders particularly redbacks sheltering in container drainage holes or under pot rims - tap containers firmly and inspect before handling. Position containers on stable surface at comfortable working height reducing bending during removal operations. When cutting circled roots, direct knife strokes away from body and supporting hand preventing laceration injuries.

Plant Positioning and Backfilling

Position prepared plants in excavated holes with precise depth, orientation, and alignment following landscape specification and horticultural best practice. Lower plant into hole using appropriate technique: small containers can be positioned by hand, medium to large containers require two-person handling coordinating lift and placement, advanced root-balled trees require mechanical handling using excavator or telehandler with lifting straps supporting ball securely. Position plant at correct depth ensuring root collar (transition between roots and trunk or stems) is at or slightly above final grade level - planting too deep causes root collar rot and plant decline. Use straight edge or measuring stick across hole checking depth adjustment as needed. Orient plant for best appearance considering directional growth, branch structure, and viewing angles from primary approach directions. Ensure tree trunks are vertical using spirit level or visual sighting from multiple angles - temporarily stake if needed to hold position during backfilling. Commence backfilling using excavated soil or prepared backfill mix adding in 150-200mm layers around root ball. Firm each layer moderately using foot or hand tamping eliminating air pockets without excessive compaction that restricts root growth. Ensure backfill contacts root ball completely without voids that can accumulate water or allow root desiccation. Water backfill layers during filling process in sandy soils helping settle soil and achieve contact. Fill to final grade leaving slight depression around plant creating water-holding basin for establishment irrigation. Avoid burying root collar or covering above original container or root ball soil line.

Safety considerations

Use mechanical handling equipment for heavy advanced trees never attempting manual handling of root balls exceeding 50kg. Coordinate clearly during team lifting of medium plants with verbal communication before and during lift ensuring synchronized movement. Watch hand and finger positioning during backfilling preventing crushing between tools and root balls or hole sides. Take care when tamping backfill around thorny plants maintaining safe distance from spines and wearing thorn-resistant gloves. Monitor for signs of heat stress and fatigue during extended planting sessions particularly during backfilling requiring sustained bending postures.

Staking, Mulching, and Initial Watering

Complete plant installation with appropriate staking for trees, mulch application, and thorough initial watering ensuring establishment success. Install staking for trees following specification and horticultural practice providing stability during establishment without over-supporting that restricts trunk caliper development. For small trees 40-75mm trunk diameter, install single stake on prevailing wind side driven 450-600mm into undisturbed soil adjacent to root ball. For larger trees 75-150mm diameter, install double stakes either side of tree or tripod arrangement for greatest stability. For very large advanced trees, guy wire systems anchored to ground anchors may be specified. Attach trees to stakes using commercial tree ties with spacers preventing bark abrasion, or soft material like hessian or rubber strapping. Position ties at approximately two-thirds tree height allowing controlled movement. Install ties loosely allowing some flex but preventing root ball rock that disrupts establishing roots. Apply mulch around plants to specified depth typically 75-100mm creating moisture retention, weed suppression, and temperature moderation benefits. Use organic mulch including composted bark, wood chips, or aged hardwood maintaining 75mm clearance from plant stems preventing rot. Form mulch into slight berm at perimeter of planting hole creating water-retention basin. Conduct thorough initial watering applying water slowly allowing infiltration rather than runoff. Apply sufficient volume saturating root ball and surrounding backfill typically 20-40 litres per tree depending on size, less for smaller shrubs. Check water has infiltrated fully by probing with finger or probe - backfill should be thoroughly moist throughout. This initial watering is critical establishing soil-to-root contact and providing moisture supporting immediate recovery from transplant stress.

Safety considerations

Exercise caution when driving stakes using club hammer or post driver - wear safety glasses preventing eye injury from debris or stake fragments if struck incorrectly. Maintain awareness of hand positioning when hammering preventing crush injuries. Avoid over-driving stakes that could contact underground services or irrigation components. When applying mulch, lift and pour bags using correct manual handling technique or use wheelbarrows for multiple bag transport. Ensure adequate hydration for workers during extended watering operations particularly in hot conditions. Avoid creating slip hazards from wet mulch or saturated soil around planting areas.

Quality Inspection and Documentation

Complete planting operations with comprehensive quality inspection and documentation ensuring all work meets specification and establishing record for establishment monitoring and maintenance planning. Systematically inspect each planting area verifying all scheduled plants are installed in correct locations matching landscape plan, species are correct, sizes meet specification, and spacing is accurate. Check installation quality including planting depth with root collars at or slightly above grade, plant orientation providing best appearance, backfill compaction eliminating voids, staking adequacy providing appropriate support, and mulch application at correct depth with adequate stem clearance. Photograph completed planting areas from multiple angles establishing visual record of initial installation quality, plant condition, and site context for future reference. Establish photo-monitoring points for projects requiring ongoing establishment documentation. Document completed work recording plant species installed with quantities, container sizes or stock types, installation dates, crew details, and any variations from original specification or substitutions made. Note any concerns regarding plant quality, soil conditions, or installation challenges requiring follow-up attention. Provide installation documentation to project manager or client including completion summary, photographic records, and as-built plans if plant locations differ from original design. Prepare maintenance schedule or handover documentation specifying watering requirements during establishment period, timing for stake removal, mulch replenishment needs, and fertiliser application timing supporting establishment success.

Safety considerations

Conduct final site inspection ensuring all excavations are completely backfilled without creating trip or fall hazards. Remove all waste materials, packaging, and broken pots preventing site hazards. Verify tools are collected and accounted for preventing loss and ensuring availability for subsequent projects. Clean tools before storage removing soil that accelerates corrosion and deterioration. Complete incident reporting for any near-misses, injuries, or equipment failures occurring during project for investigation and corrective action.

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Frequently asked questions

What planting depth is correct for landscape trees and shrubs, and why is this critical for plant survival?

Correct planting depth is one of the most critical factors determining long-term plant survival and health. The fundamental rule is positioning the root collar (transition point between roots and trunk or stem) at or slightly above final grade level. Root collar burial is a leading cause of plant decline and death in landscape installations. When planted too deep, soil covering the root collar creates persistently moist conditions promoting fungal pathogens that cause root collar rot, restricts gas exchange essential for root respiration, and can lead to adventitious root development from buried trunk tissue that girdles the main root system. For container-grown plants, identify the root collar by carefully removing surface growing medium if necessary to expose where the first lateral roots emerge from the trunk - this point must be at grade after backfilling and settling. For root-balled trees, the root collar should be visible at the top of the ball; if not, carefully remove excess soil finding the root flare. Plant slightly high (25-50mm above grade) accounting for backfill settling, particularly in sandy soils or recently disturbed areas. Create a shallow saucer or basin around the plant for water retention without mounding soil against the trunk. Mulch can be applied to 75-100mm depth but maintain 75mm clearance from the trunk base preventing moisture accumulation and rot. Never bury the trunk base under soil or mulch regardless of how this affects visual aesthetics. Planting too shallow is less harmful than too deep, though extreme shallow planting can cause root exposure and instability. Use a straight edge or stake across the planting hole checking depth before backfilling and making adjustments as needed. This attention to planting depth prevents costly plant failures and replacement requirements.

What first aid response is required if a landscape worker receives a snake bite during planting operations?

Snake bite in Australia requires immediate application of pressure immobilisation technique which is the only recommended first aid for Australian snake envenomation. The affected worker must cease all movement immediately as physical activity increases venom circulation through the lymphatic system accelerating onset of systemic symptoms. Call emergency services (000) immediately - do not delay call to commence first aid as ambulance dispatch should occur simultaneously. Apply first aid whilst awaiting ambulance: apply a broad elasticised bandage (10-15cm width) starting at bite site and wrapping firmly up the entire affected limb with pressure similar to sprain bandaging (firm but not arterial tourniquet pressure cutting off blood flow). Immobilise the entire limb using splints (straight branches, tools, rolled newspapers) and additional bandaging preventing any joint movement. Mark the bite site location on the bandage exterior using pen or marker as venom traces at this site assist medical identification of snake species guiding appropriate antivenom selection. Keep patient still and calm lying down with affected limb horizontal - do not allow walking to vehicles or facilities. Do not wash the bite site as venom traces are needed for identification. Do not cut the bite, apply ice, or use tourniquets as these traditional methods are harmful. All landscape workers must receive training in pressure immobilisation bandaging technique with practical application practice on arms and legs. Service vehicles must carry appropriate first aid supplies including multiple broad elasticised bandages sufficient for full limb coverage, splinting materials, marker pens, and clearly visible instruction cards. Time is critical - antivenom administration within several hours of bite substantially improves outcomes whilst delayed treatment allows progressive systemic envenomation potentially causing paralysis, coagulopathy, and death particularly with brown snake bites. Never consider snake bites minor or delay treatment hoping symptoms do not develop - immediate pressure immobilisation and emergency medical transport are mandatory for all suspected snake bites.

What mechanical handling equipment is appropriate for installing advanced trees, and what operator competencies are required?

Mechanical handling of advanced trees requires appropriate equipment selection based on tree size, site access, and operator competency. For medium advanced trees with root balls 100-200kg, forklifts with pallet forks and tree ball cradles provide controlled lifting and placement capability. Operators must hold current forklift licence (LF or LO class depending on capacity) issued by state workplace authority and receive site-specific training on tree handling techniques. Telehandlers offer greater versatility with variable reach allowing positioning of trees in locations beyond forklift access - operators require telehandler-specific licence and training. For large advanced trees exceeding 300kg root ball weight, excavators with purpose-designed tree spades or lifting attachments provide necessary capacity and control. Excavator operation for tree planting does not require high-risk work licence as weight rating is below excavator classification threshold, but operators must demonstrate competency through formal training and assessment, hold general construction induction (White Card), and receive instruction on tree lifting techniques preventing root ball damage. All mechanical handling must use appropriate lifting equipment including purpose-designed root ball baskets, lifting straps positioned at ball equator supporting weight without crushing or shearing the ball, or tree spades penetrating around ball periphery. Never use chains or steel cables that can cut hessian wrapping or damage the root ball. Operators must communicate clearly with ground crew during lifting and positioning using agreed hand signals or radio communications. Establish exclusion zones preventing workers within 3 metres of suspended loads. Assess ground stability before equipment positioning particularly near planting holes, trenches, or soft areas where equipment could subside. For very large specimen trees exceeding typical landscape sizes, engage specialist tree moving contractors with dedicated equipment including large-capacity tree spades, hydraulic tree movers, or crane systems with expert operators experienced in high-value tree installations.

How should landscape planting operations be managed during heat stress conditions to protect worker health?

Landscape planting during hot conditions requires enhanced heat stress management protecting workers from serious heat-related illness whilst maintaining productivity. Monitor weather forecasts and Bureau of Meteorology heat warnings planning work schedules around predicted temperature peaks. During forecast extreme heat (above 35°C), reschedule intensive planting work to cooler hours commencing early morning (daybreak) and ceasing by midday, or resuming late afternoon (after 4pm) when temperatures moderate. Implement mandatory rest breaks every 45-60 minutes during work in temperatures 30-35°C increasing frequency as temperature rises. Establish shaded rest areas using temporary gazebos, shade cloth structures, or positioning vehicles to provide shade even on exposed construction sites. Provide insulated water containers with ice-cold water at all work areas with target consumption 200-250ml every 15-20 minutes during high heat work. Calculate total daily fluid needs (typically 5-8 litres during heavy physical work in high heat) and ensure adequate supplies are available. Include electrolyte replacement options (sports drinks, electrolyte tablets) during extreme heat preventing dilutional hyponatraemia from excessive plain water intake. Train all workers and supervisors in heat stress recognition including progression of symptoms: heat exhaustion presents with heavy sweating, dizziness, nausea, headache, weakness requiring immediate rest in shade with cooling and hydration; heat stroke shows reduced sweating, confusion, loss of consciousness, and constitutes medical emergency requiring immediate emergency services (000) call and aggressive cooling with water and ice while awaiting ambulance. Implement buddy system requiring workers to monitor colleagues for heat stress symptoms intervening if concerning signs observed. Encourage light-coloured loose-fitting clothing that reflects heat and allows evaporative cooling. Allow acclimatisation period for workers new to outdoor work or returning after extended absence gradually increasing work intensity over 5-7 days. Some jurisdictions have mandatory workplace heat policies requiring work cessation above specified temperatures - verify and comply with state-specific requirements. Never encourage workers to 'push through' heat stress symptoms as this can progress to fatal heat stroke.

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• Pre-start briefing covering hazards
• PPE: hard hats, eye protection, gloves
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Landscape Planting Safe Work Method Statement

What this SWMS covers

Why this SWMS matters

Hazard identification

Manual Handling Injuries from Heavy Plant Stock and Soil Materials

Snake and Spider Bites from Creatures Sheltering in Plant Stock

Underground Service Strikes During Planting Hole Excavation

Injuries from Thorny or Toxic Plant Species

Heat Stress and UV Exposure During Outdoor Planting Work

Control measures

Mechanical Handling of Heavy Plant Stock and Soil Materials

Plant Stock Inspection and Creature Avoidance Protocol

Underground Service Location and Safe Excavation Procedures

Ergonomic Work Practices and Postural Variation

Heat Stress Prevention and UV Protection Programme

Personal Protective Equipment for Landscape Planting

Personal protective equipment

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

During work

After work

Step-by-step work procedure

Site Assessment and Plant Material Inspection

Planting Hole Excavation and Preparation

Plant Removal from Containers and Root Preparation

Plant Positioning and Backfilling

Staking, Mulching, and Initial Watering

Quality Inspection and Documentation

Frequently asked questions

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