Comprehensive SWMS for Crane Directing and Load Rigging Operations

Dogman Safe Work Method Statement

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Dogmen are the critical ground-level coordinators of crane lifting operations, responsible for directing crane operators, selecting and inspecting rigging equipment, attaching loads safely, and ensuring lifting operations proceed without endangering personnel or property. This specialised high-risk work role requires comprehensive knowledge of load weights, centre of gravity determination, rigging configurations, hand signal communication, and hazard recognition. This SWMS addresses the specific safety requirements for dogman operations in accordance with Australian WHS legislation, AS 2550 crane safety standards, and high-risk work licensing requirements, providing detailed hazard controls, rigging procedures, and communication protocols essential for safe crane operations.

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Overview

What this SWMS covers

A dogman is a qualified person who directs crane operations from ground level, selects appropriate lifting gear, attaches loads to crane hooks, and uses standardised hand signals or radio communication to guide crane operators during lifting, movement, and placement of loads. The dogman acts as the crane operator's eyes and ears on the ground, providing critical information about load security, clearances from obstacles, proximity to hazards, and final positioning requirements that cannot be observed from the crane operator's elevated or remote position. The role encompasses multiple critical responsibilities throughout the lifting operation sequence. Before lifting commences, dogmen assess loads to estimate weight and identify centre of gravity positions, selecting appropriate slings, chains, shackles, and lifting beams based on load characteristics and crane capacity. They inspect all rigging equipment for damage, wear, or defects that could cause failure under load. During rigging operations, dogmen physically attach lifting gear to loads ensuring secure connection points that will maintain load stability during lifting and movement. They position taglines to control load rotation and swing. Throughout crane operation, dogmen maintain continuous visual contact with loads and signal operators using standardised hand signals defined in AS 2550 standards, directing boom movement, hoisting speed, and load positioning with precision. Dogman work occurs across diverse construction and industrial environments. On building construction sites, dogmen rig structural steel, precast concrete elements, mechanical plant, and bundled materials for crane placement at multiple levels. In civil works projects, they handle drainage structures, road barriers, heavy machinery, and bulk materials. On industrial sites, they coordinate lifting operations for equipment installation, maintenance access, and plant modifications. In transport and logistics operations, they direct vehicle loading crane operations loading and unloading freight. Each environment presents unique hazards including confined spaces, overhead obstructions, underground services, public access areas, and interaction with other trades requiring continuous hazard awareness. Qualification as a dogman requires completion of nationally recognised training and assessment, demonstrating competency in rigging techniques, load assessment, communication protocols, and safety procedures. Successful candidates receive a high-risk work licence for dogging issued by their state or territory work health and safety regulator. The licence must be maintained current through periodic renewal and carried during all dogging operations. Many dogmen also hold rigging licences for more complex rigging tasks, and some progress to crane operator roles building on their ground-level lifting operation experience.

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Why this SWMS matters

Dogmen occupy a critical safety position where their decisions and actions directly determine whether lifting operations proceed safely or result in catastrophic incidents. Incorrect rigging selections, inadequate load assessment, or insecure load attachment can cause load drops resulting in fatalities to ground personnel, crane operators, or members of the public. Safe Work Australia statistics indicate rigging failures and load drops account for a significant proportion of crane-related serious injuries and fatalities, with many incidents attributable to dogman errors including misjudging load weight, selecting inadequate rigging, or failing to identify load centre of gravity correctly. Communication failures between dogmen and crane operators create severe hazards during lifting operations. Misunderstood hand signals or unclear radio communications can result in unintended boom movements, premature load releases, or operators proceeding with lifts when ground conditions are unsafe. Standardised hand signals per AS 2550 provide a universal communication language, but their effectiveness depends on dogmen using signals correctly and crane operators responding appropriately. In noisy construction environments or when visual line of sight is obstructed, radio communication becomes essential, requiring clear verbal commands and confirmation protocols to prevent miscommunication. The implementation of robust communication procedures through SWMS documentation ensures all parties understand their responsibilities and follow proven protocols. Dogmen themselves face significant manual handling hazards from lifting and positioning heavy rigging equipment throughout work shifts. Wire rope slings, chain sets, and spreader bars for heavy loads can weigh 20-50kg individually. Repeatedly lifting these items from ground level, positioning them under loads in awkward postures, and attaching them to crane hooks at overhead reach creates cumulative musculoskeletal strain. Dogmen also face crush hazards when working between loads and fixed structures, struck-by hazards from suspended loads or crane boom movements, and pinch points when handling wire ropes, chains, and shackles. Personal injury to dogmen removes their safety oversight from operations, potentially leaving inexperienced personnel to direct lifting operations without adequate training or qualification. The Australian regulatory framework specifically identifies dogging as high-risk construction work requiring licensed personnel and documented safe work method statements. Work Health and Safety Regulations mandate that persons conducting business or undertaking must ensure dogman work is performed only by licensed individuals working according to SWMS documentation. Maximum penalties for breaches reach $3.6 million for organisations and $600,000 for individuals. Beyond regulatory compliance, comprehensive SWMS implementation protects organisations from civil liability claims following incidents, demonstrates due diligence to insurers, and provides systematic training content for new dogmen entering the workforce. The documented procedures create consistency across different work sites and crane operators, ensuring safety standards are maintained regardless of personnel changes.

Reinforce licensing, insurance, and regulator expectations for Dogman Safe Work Method Statement crews before they mobilise.

Hazard identification

Surface the critical risks tied to this work scope and communicate them to every worker.

Risk register

Incorrect Load Weight Estimation Leading to Rigging or Crane Overload

High

Dogmen must estimate load weights when documentation is unavailable or when handling materials where weight is not marked. Underestimating load weight results in selection of inadequate rigging capacity or operation of cranes beyond their rated capacity for the boom configuration and radius. Bundled materials, concrete elements with hidden reinforcement, equipment containing liquids or internal components, and loads partially buried or frozen to ground can weigh substantially more than visual appearance suggests. Overload conditions stress rigging beyond design capacity causing sling or chain failure, and can exceed crane structural or stability limits causing boom failure or crane tip-over.

Consequence: Catastrophic rigging failure causing load drop and crushing injuries or death to ground personnel. Crane structural failure or tip-over from operation beyond capacity limits. Serious injuries to multiple workers from falling loads. Major equipment damage and project delays. Regulatory prosecution for operating beyond safe working loads. Civil liability for injuries and damages.

Rigging Equipment Failure from Damage or Defects

High

Lifting slings, chains, shackles, hooks, and associated rigging hardware subjected to repeated loading, abrasion, chemical exposure, and impact can develop damage compromising strength. Wire rope slings suffer broken wires, crushing, kinking, or core wire protrusion. Textile slings develop cuts, abrasion, chemical degradation, or ultraviolet damage. Chains experience stretched links, cracks, or wear at bearing surfaces. Shackles suffer bent pins, thread damage, or body distortion. Using damaged rigging equipment that appears serviceable but has lost structural capacity causes unexpected failure during loading. Dogmen may not detect internal damage or may continue using equipment beyond retirement criteria due to production pressure or limited rigging inventory.

Consequence: Sudden rigging failure during lifting causing load drop and crushing death or serious injury to personnel beneath or near loads. Partial failure causing uncontrolled load swing striking ground personnel, structures, or crane booms. Whiplash effects from failed slings striking workers. Equipment damage from dropped loads. Work stoppages for incident investigation. Potential criminal prosecution if negligence established.

Being Struck by Suspended Loads or Crane Boom During Operations

High

Dogmen work in close proximity to crane booms, counterweights, and suspended loads throughout lifting operations. While directing crane movements, dogmen may position themselves in slew paths of booms or travel paths of loads without maintaining adequate clearances. Load swing from wind, rapid crane movements, or pendulum effects can cause suspended loads to travel beyond expected positions striking ground personnel. Crane boom movements during slewing or extending operations present strike hazards particularly to dogmen focused on load positioning rather than boom position. Communication breakdowns can result in crane operators commencing movements while dogmen remain in hazardous positions.

Consequence: Severe blunt force trauma including head injuries, crush injuries, or death from being struck by multi-tonne suspended loads or crane boom sections. Fractures, internal injuries, and soft tissue trauma requiring hospitalisation. Pinning or crushing between loads and fixed structures. Secondary injuries from being pushed into other hazards. Permanent disability from serious head or spinal injuries. Death of experienced dogman removing safety oversight from subsequent operations.

Manual Handling Injuries from Positioning Heavy Rigging Equipment

Medium

Dogmen manually lift, carry, and position rigging equipment including wire rope slings (10-30kg), chain sets (15-40kg), spreader bars (20-100kg), and shackles throughout work shifts. Rigging must be retrieved from storage, carried to load locations, positioned under or around loads in awkward postures, and attached to crane hooks at overhead reach. The repetitive nature of multiple lifts throughout a workday creates cumulative musculoskeletal loading. Working in confined spaces, on uneven ground, or from awkward positions while rigging loads compounds manual handling strain. Handling equipment in cold conditions reduces grip strength, while working in heat accelerates fatigue.

Consequence: Acute lower back strain or disc injury from lifting heavy rigging from ground level or awkward positions. Shoulder injuries from repetitive overhead reaching when attaching rigging to crane hooks. Chronic musculoskeletal disorders developing from cumulative exposure over months or years. Soft tissue injuries from manual handling while fatigued. Reduced work capacity and need for modified duties or time off work. Long-term disability from severe back injuries affecting career progression.

Hand and Finger Crush Injuries from Pinch Points in Rigging

Medium

Numerous pinch points exist during rigging operations where hands or fingers can be crushed between rigging components, loads, and fixed structures. Attaching shackles requires manual handling of pins while shackle bodies are tensioned. Threading wire ropes through load attachment points risks fingers being caught as loads settle. Handling chains creates pinch points between links. As loads take weight, all rigging tightens creating crush hazards for hands in close proximity. Dogmen working quickly under time pressure may not fully withdraw hands before signalling operators to tension rigging. Wearing gloves that are too bulky or loose can catch in pinch points drawing hands into crush zones.

Consequence: Severe crush injuries to fingers or hands including fractures, tissue damage, or traumatic amputation of digits. Prolonged incapacity from hand injuries affecting ability to continue dogging work. Permanent loss of hand function or dexterity affecting career options. Infection risks from contaminated crush injuries. Psychological trauma from severe hand injuries. Loss of income during recovery periods.

Falls from Elevated Positions When Rigging Loads at Height

Medium

Dogmen sometimes must access elevated positions to attach rigging to loads positioned on stacked materials, elevated platforms, or partially erected structures. Working from ladders, scaffolding, or elevated work platforms while handling heavy rigging equipment creates fall hazards. Reaching over edges or guard rails to attach slings reduces stability. The physical effort of lifting rigging equipment while on elevated platforms increases overbalancing risk. Rigging loads in wind conditions while elevated compounds stability challenges. Some dogmen may climb onto unstable stacked materials or loads themselves to access rigging points, creating serious fall risks.

Consequence: Serious injuries from falls including fractures to arms, legs, or pelvis from impact. Head or spinal injuries if falling onto hard surfaces or projections. Death from falls exceeding 3-4 metres particularly if striking objects during fall. Lacerations or soft tissue trauma from contact with materials or edges during falling. Long recovery periods affecting employment. Permanent disability from serious fall injuries.

Communication Breakdown Between Dogman and Crane Operator

High

Effective communication between dogman and crane operator is essential for safe lifting operations. Hand signals can be misunderstood particularly at distance or in bright backlighting. Radio communications suffer interference, battery failures, or unclear transmission in noisy environments. Operators and dogmen may have different understandings of signal meanings if trained to different standards. Language barriers between multicultural crews create communication difficulties. Multiple dogmen providing conflicting signals to single operators cause confusion. Communication failures result in unintended crane movements, premature load releases, or continued operations when ground conditions are unsafe.

Consequence: Loads released prematurely causing drops onto personnel or property. Crane movements occurring while dogman is in hazardous positions causing strike injuries. Loads positioned incorrectly causing instability and collapse. Boom movements toward powerlines or obstacles when operator misunderstands hazard warnings. Multiple personnel endangered by confused or contradictory communications. Incidents requiring emergency response and investigation. Lost confidence between crane operators and ground crew affecting future operations.

Control measures

Deploy layered controls aligned to the hierarchy of hazard management.

Implementation guide

Load Weight Verification and Documentation Review

Administrative Control

Eliminate load weight estimation errors by requiring dogmen to verify weights through documentation review, manufacturer specifications, engineering drawings, or consultation with project personnel before selecting rigging. When weights cannot be verified, require conservative rigging selection providing substantial safety factors or arrangement of load weighing using crane load cells or scales. This administrative control ensures rigging capacity and crane capacity selections are based on accurate weight information rather than potentially erroneous visual estimates. Documentation requirements create audit trails demonstrating due diligence in load assessment.

Implementation

1. Check all delivery documentation for actual weights of materials being lifted; note weights on rigging plans 2. Obtain manufacturer specifications for equipment, structural components, or precast elements providing certified weights 3. Review engineering drawings showing concrete element volumes, reinforcement quantities, and embedded items allowing accurate weight calculation 4. Consult site engineers, foremen, or suppliers when weight information is not immediately available 5. For loads without documentation, use crane load moment indicator to weigh loads before full lifting operations commence 6. Apply 25% safety factor to all rigging selections accounting for dynamic loading and uncertainty in weight distribution 7. Never estimate weights by visual appearance for loads potentially exceeding 500kg 8. Mark confirmed weights on loads using chalk or marker for reference in future handling 9. Document all load weights exceeding 1 tonne in daily rigging log including source of weight information 10. If weight cannot be verified and load appears to approach rigging or crane capacity limits, refuse to proceed until accurate weight determined

Comprehensive Pre-Use Rigging Equipment Inspection

Administrative Control

Prevent rigging failure from damaged or worn equipment through mandatory inspection of all lifting gear before each use. Systematic inspection following documented criteria ensures defects are detected before equipment enters service. Inspection focuses on critical components including wire rope condition, textile sling integrity, chain wear, shackle body cracks, hook throat opening, and proof load test certification currency. Equipment failing inspection criteria is immediately withdrawn from service with clear defect tagging preventing inadvertent use. This administrative control creates accountability through documented inspection records and ensures only serviceable rigging is available for use.

Implementation

1. Inspect wire rope slings across full length documenting any broken wires, crushing, kinking, or diameter reduction before each use 2. Apply retirement criteria for wire rope: 6 broken wires visible in one lay length, diameter reduction exceeding 7%, severe kinking or bird-caging, heat damage, or core protrusion 3. Inspect synthetic slings for cuts, abrasion exceeding 10% thickness, burns, chemical contamination, stitching damage, or ultraviolet degradation evidenced by discoloration 4. Examine chains for stretched links (5% pitch increase compared to new chain), cracks visible under magnification, wear exceeding 10% original diameter, bent links, or weld damage 5. Check shackles for bent pins, damaged threads preventing free pin rotation, body cracks or distortion, wear exceeding 10% in pin bearing areas 6. Verify all items have current proof load test certification tags attached; remove items with missing or expired tags from service 7. Apply "DO NOT USE - DEFECTIVE" tags immediately to any equipment failing inspection criteria; remove from work area to prevent use 8. Maintain rigging inspection register documenting daily inspections, defects found, and equipment retired from service 9. Arrange formal annual inspection and proof load testing of all rigging by competent person per AS 3569 standards 10. Report trends of premature wear or damage to supervisors indicating need for rigging handling procedure review

Exclusion Zones for Suspended Load Areas and Crane Swing Paths

Engineering Control

Create physical separation between suspended load hazards and ground personnel through marked exclusion zones preventing entry beneath loads or into crane boom swing paths. Exclusion zones establish protected areas using physical barriers, marked boundary lines, or assigned safety observers preventing unauthorised personnel entering areas where loads or boom components can travel. This engineering control eliminates reliance on worker awareness or procedural compliance by providing physical barriers that prevent exposure. Exclusion zone dimensions account for maximum load swing, crane reach, and boom slew radius plus safety clearance buffers.

Implementation

1. Establish exclusion zone extending minimum 5 metres beyond maximum extent of suspended loads in all directions accounting for potential swing 2. Mark exclusion zone boundaries using barrier tape, safety barriers, witches hats, or ground marking paint as appropriate to site conditions 3. Position signage at exclusion zone entry points stating "Crane Operations - Keep Out - Suspended Load Hazard" 4. Brief all site personnel during toolbox meetings that exclusion zones are active and unauthorised entry is prohibited 5. Appoint dedicated safety observer (spotter) to monitor exclusion zones and prevent unauthorised entry during operations 6. Ensure dogman maintains awareness of all personnel positions relative to exclusion zones throughout operations 7. Signal crane operator to cease all movements if any unauthorised personnel enter exclusion zones until they exit 8. Modify exclusion zone boundaries as crane relocates or load positioning changes throughout workday 9. For lifts over public areas, pedestrian paths, or active traffic routes, increase exclusion buffer to 10 metres and provide additional traffic control 10. Maintain exclusion zones during meal breaks if loads remain suspended or crane is in operational configuration

Standardised Hand Signal Communication per AS 2550

Administrative Control

Eliminate communication failures through mandatory use of standardised hand signals defined in AS 2550.1 Australian Standard for Cranes - Safe Use. Standardised signals provide universal communication language understood by all licensed crane operators and dogmen regardless of training provider or background. This administrative control ensures consistent signal meanings across different sites, operators, and lifting operations. Signals cover all required crane movements including hoist up/down, boom up/down, boom extend/retract, slew left/right, travel, and emergency stop. Documented communication protocols establish pre-lift briefing requirements, signal confirmation processes, and emergency stop procedures.

Implementation

1. Use only standardised hand signals as illustrated in AS 2550.1 Part 1 General Requirements; never invent or modify signals 2. Conduct pre-lift briefing confirming communication method to be used (hand signals or radio) and verifying all parties understand signals 3. Maintain clear line of sight between dogman and crane operator throughout operations; reposition as needed if sightlines become obstructed 4. Use exaggerated, clear signal movements particularly at distance or when operator's viewing angle is oblique 5. Wait for operator to acknowledge each signal by horn or visible confirmation before proceeding to next command 6. Provide only one dogman's signals to each crane operator; operator must ignore signals from any other personnel to prevent conflicting instructions 7. Implement emergency stop signal (both arms raised above head or shouting "STOP") that any person can use if immediate hazard observed 8. Cease all boom movements immediately when stop signal received; maintain stopped position until situation assessed and safe recommencement confirmed 9. For operations where visual signals are impractical, switch to two-way radio communication using clear verbal commands with confirmation protocol 10. Brief all personnel that only the assigned dogman directs crane operations; other workers must communicate hazards through dogman rather than directly signalling operator

Manual Handling Aids and Team Lifting for Heavy Rigging

Substitution

Reduce manual handling injuries by substituting manual lifting of heavy rigging equipment with mechanical aids or team lifting techniques. Trolleys, chain hoists, or small portable cranes assist moving heavy spreader bars, rigging beams, and bundled chains. Team lifting distributes load between multiple workers reducing individual musculoskeletal loading. Rigging equipment storage at intermediate height rather than ground level reduces bending and lifting distances. This substitution control reduces manual handling force requirements while maintaining operational flexibility.

Implementation

1. Store frequently used heavy rigging on racks at waist height (800-1000mm) reducing lifting distance from ground level 2. Use two-person team lift for rigging items exceeding 15kg weight or 2 metres length including spreader bars and long slings 3. Provide four-wheel trolleys or wheeled rigging carts for moving heavy chain sets, multiple slings, or rigging beams across site 4. Use portable gantry cranes or chain hoists to lift heavy spreader bars into position for attachment rather than manual lifting 5. Position rigging storage locations close to frequent lifting areas reducing carrying distances 6. Rotate dogmen between rigging duties and other tasks reducing cumulative manual handling exposure throughout shifts 7. Assign two dogmen to large or complex lifts distributing rigging manual handling between personnel 8. Use rigging with integrated handles or lift points reducing awkward grips when carrying equipment 9. Avoid lifting heavy rigging from deep bins or ground level; store on elevated pallets or racks for easier access 10. Schedule regular breaks during rigging-intensive operations allowing musculoskeletal recovery before fatigue compounds injury risk

Tagline Use for Load Control and Personnel Separation

Engineering Control

Maintain separation between dogmen and suspended loads through mandatory use of taglines allowing load control from safe distances. Taglines are non-structural ropes attached to loads providing ground personnel with means to control load rotation, prevent load spin, and guide final positioning without direct hand contact with loads. This engineering control eliminates need for dogmen to maintain close proximity to suspended loads during movement and positioning. Taglines maintain effectiveness even if loads swing or rotate unexpectedly, allowing continued control from outside crush hazard zones.

Implementation

1. Attach taglines to all loads before lifting operations commence; use minimum two taglines on loads exceeding 1 tonne or 3 metres length 2. Position tagline attachment points accounting for load centre of gravity to provide rotational control during movement 3. Use tagline minimum 5 metres length allowing ground personnel to maintain safe distance from suspended loads 4. Select tagline material and diameter providing adequate grip (typically 12-16mm synthetic rope); avoid undersized ropes difficult to grip 5. Brief ground crew that taglines are for guidance only and must never bear load weight or be used to force loads into position 6. Maintain tension on taglines throughout lifting and movement preventing load free-spinning which tangles or wraps taglines 7. Position tagline handlers in locations protected from load swing paths and clear of crane boom slew radius 8. Never wrap taglines around hands or bodies; grip taglines lightly allowing immediate release if unexpected load movement occurs 9. If load begins swinging excessively, signal operator to stop movement and allow load to settle before continuing 10. Maintain tagline control until load fully contacts support surface and weight is transferred; do not release taglines prematurely

Personal Protective Equipment for Dogging Operations

Personal Protective Equipment

Provide task-specific PPE protecting dogmen from struck-by hazards, falling objects, hand injuries, and visibility concerns. PPE represents the final control level providing personal protection when exposure to hazards cannot be eliminated through higher-order controls. Appropriate PPE accounts for the dynamic, high-risk nature of dogging work requiring impact protection, high visibility to crane operators and mobile plant, and hand protection from rigging hazards without compromising dexterity needed for detailed rigging work.

Implementation

1. Issue Class D hard hats (AS/NZS 1801) to all dogmen providing impact protection from falling objects and suspended load components 2. Provide high-visibility Day/Night Class D/N clothing (AS/NZS 4602.1) ensuring dogmen are visible to crane operators, mobile plant, and vehicles 3. Require steel-capped safety boots (AS/NZS 2210.3) with 200 joule impact protection for all dogging operations 4. Supply close-fitting leather gloves providing hand protection from wire rope burrs, chain edges, and pinch points without compromising grip or dexterity 5. Ensure gloves allow adequate tactile feedback for manipulating shackle pins and feeling rigging component security 6. Never use loose or oversized gloves that can catch in rigging pinch points or compromise grip on hand signals 7. Provide safety glasses (AS/NZS 1337) for operations generating flying debris or in dusty conditions 8. Consider hearing protection (AS/NZS 1270) for dogmen working extended periods near operating cranes or in high-noise construction zones 9. Verify all PPE is correctly fitted, maintained in serviceable condition, and replaced when damaged or worn 10. Brief dogmen that PPE is mandatory in crane operating areas; non-compliance results in removal from exclusion zones

Download complete control procedures

Personal protective equipment

Requirement: Type 1 impact protection per AS/NZS 1801

When: Mandatory for all dogging operations to protect from falling objects, suspended load components, and crane boom strike hazards

Requirement: Day/Night Class D/N per AS/NZS 4602.1

When: Throughout all crane operations ensuring dogman visibility to crane operators, mobile plant operators, and vehicle traffic on site

Requirement: 200 joule impact protection per AS/NZS 2210.3

When: During all dogging activities to protect feet from dropped rigging equipment, load materials, and pinch points from moving loads

Requirement: Industrial grade leather providing hand protection without excessive bulk

When: When handling wire rope slings, chains, shackles, and loads to protect hands from burrs, sharp edges, and pinch points while maintaining dexterity

Requirement: Medium impact rated per AS/NZS 1337

When: In environments with flying debris, dust, or when working beneath loads where particles may fall during positioning

Requirement: Class 3 protection per AS/NZS 1270 reducing noise below 85dB(A)

When: When working extended periods near operating crane hydraulic systems or in high-noise construction environments

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

✓Verify dogman holds current high-risk work licence for dogging issued by relevant state/territory authority
✓Confirm crane operator licence is current and operator is qualified for the specific crane type being used
✓Complete inspection of all rigging equipment to be used including slings, chains, shackles, hooks, and beams
✓Verify proof load test certification tags are attached to all lifting accessories and are current (annual testing)
✓Check taglines are available in adequate lengths and serviceable condition for load control
✓Review lift plan or work sequence understanding load weights, crane capacities, and lifting procedures
✓Identify overhead hazards including powerlines, structures, and other cranes operating in proximity
✓Assess ground conditions for slip and trip hazards particularly in areas where rigging will be positioned
✓Verify communication equipment functions correctly if radio communication will be used instead of hand signals
✓Confirm exclusion zones are established using physical barriers or marked boundaries preventing unauthorised access
✓Conduct toolbox meeting briefing all personnel on lift sequence, hazards, communication methods, and emergency procedures
✓Verify emergency stop protocols are understood by all personnel including crane operator and ground crew

During work

✓Maintain visual contact with crane operator throughout operations ensuring clear line of sight for hand signals
✓Monitor load security in rigging equipment throughout lifting and movement observing for any shifting or insecure components
✓Watch for load swing during boom movements and signal operator to reduce travel speed if excessive swing develops
✓Ensure all ground personnel remain outside exclusion zones beneath or near suspended loads throughout operations
✓Verify tagline handlers maintain safe positions clear of potential load swing paths and crane boom slew radius
✓Monitor crane load moment indicator if visible to dogman confirming lifts remain within capacity limits
✓Check for changing weather conditions including increasing wind that may affect load control or crane stability
✓Watch for underground service covers, soft ground, or other hazards that may affect crane outrigger stability
✓Verify crane operator follows only your hand signals and ignores directions from other personnel preventing confusion
✓Monitor fatigue levels in yourself and rigging crew particularly during extended operations or in hot conditions
✓Check rigging equipment condition during operations watching for developing damage or unusual wear patterns
✓Maintain awareness of other site activities and mobile plant movements that could enter crane operating areas

After work

✓Inspect all rigging equipment after use documenting any damage, unusual wear, or need for replacement
✓Clean rigging equipment removing dirt, concrete residue, or contaminants before storage to prevent corrosion
✓Store rigging equipment in designated locations protected from weather, ground moisture, and vehicle traffic
✓Document any damaged or worn rigging items requiring removal from service in equipment register
✓Complete daily dogging log recording lifts performed, rigging used, and any incidents or near-misses
✓Report any communication difficulties, hand signal misunderstandings, or safety concerns to supervision
✓Debrief crane operator on any issues observed during operations that could affect future lifting activities
✓Remove exclusion zone barriers and signage if no further crane operations planned for remainder of day
✓Return communication equipment to charging stations if radio systems were used during operations
✓Review any incidents or near-misses with crew discussing contributing factors and improvements for future operations

Step-by-step work procedure

Give supervisors and crews a clear, auditable sequence for the task.

Field ready

Pre-Lift Planning and Load Assessment

Begin by reviewing the lifting task requirements including what loads must be moved, from where, to where, and any constraints affecting the lift. Obtain load weight information from delivery documentation, engineering drawings, manufacturer specifications, or consultation with project personnel. Never estimate load weights by visual appearance for loads potentially exceeding 500kg. Assess load configuration to identify centre of gravity position - symmetrical loads have centre of gravity at geometric centre, but irregular loads, partially filled containers, or loads with uneven internal components require careful assessment. Identify suitable rigging attachment points on the load that will maintain load stability during lifting. Consider if loads have purpose-designed lift points, structural members suitable for rigging attachment, or require spreader bars to avoid load crushing. Review crane capacity for the intended lift radius and boom configuration confirming adequate capacity margin. Discuss lifting sequence with crane operator including pickup location, travel path, placement location, and any obstacles or hazards affecting boom movement.

Safety considerations

Never proceed with lifts where load weight cannot be verified. Incorrect weight estimation is the primary cause of rigging failure and crane overload. Centre of gravity miscalculation causes loads to tip or rotate unexpectedly during lifting. Always apply conservative safety factors when uncertainty exists.

Rigging Equipment Selection and Inspection

Select rigging equipment appropriate for the confirmed load weight and rigging configuration required. Calculate required sling capacity based on load weight, number of sling legs, and sling angle - steeper sling angles require higher capacity slings. Use synthetic slings for loads with finished surfaces requiring protection from scratching. Use chain or wire rope slings for hot materials, sharp edges, or rough surfaces. Choose appropriate sling lengths allowing adequate sling angles (minimum 60 degrees between sling legs). Select correctly rated shackles for connecting multiple slings or attaching to load features. Inspect each rigging component systematically before use. For wire rope slings, examine entire length for broken wires, kinks, crushing, diameter reduction, or core protrusion. For synthetic slings, check for cuts, abrasion, burns, chemical damage, or stitching deterioration. For chains, inspect for stretched links, cracks, excessive wear, or bent links. For shackles, verify pins are straight, threads are undamaged, and body shows no cracks or distortion. Verify current proof load test certification tags are attached showing annual inspection is current. Reject any equipment showing damage or missing certification. Document rigging inspection completion.

Safety considerations

Using damaged rigging causes catastrophic failures under load. Visual inspection alone may not detect internal damage - always verify test certification is current. When in doubt about rigging serviceability, reject the item and select alternative equipment. Never use rigging with expired or missing test tags.

Load Rigging and Attachment

Position selected rigging equipment at the load ensuring adequate access and clear paths for crane hook approach. For ground-level loads, position slings beneath load by threading under load using hand tools to pull slings through, or by lifting one side of load slightly using levers, jacks, or small forks allowing sling positioning. Ensure sling positioning will create balanced load attachment with centre of gravity beneath hook point. For multiple sling configurations, maintain equal sling lengths and angles to share load evenly between legs. Check that slings will not slip on load surfaces during lifting; reposition or add friction material if necessary. Attach slings to crane hook ensuring safety latch closes completely. For multiple slings, use appropriate shackles or master links to connect to single hook point. Apply taglines to load at appropriate attachment points allowing ground personnel to control load rotation and guide positioning from safe distances. Verify all connections are secure and properly oriented. Signal crane operator to take weight slowly, lifting load just 100-200mm clear of support surface to verify balance, security, and absence of binding. If load lifts unevenly or rotates, lower back to support and adjust rigging before proceeding.

Safety considerations

Keep hands clear of pinch points as load weight comes onto rigging - crushing injuries occur between slings and load surfaces. Verify hook safety latch closes fully before loading. Stand clear of potential load drop zones during initial tensioning. Use taglines rather than hands to guide or steady loads.

Communication and Hand Signal Direction to Crane Operator

Maintain clear line of sight with crane operator throughout operations ensuring visual communication for hand signals. Position yourself where operator can see you clearly without obstructions, glare, or backlighting affecting visibility. Review standardised hand signals per AS 2550 ensuring consistent signal meanings. Use exaggerated, clear signal movements particularly at distance. Signal crane operator to hoist load slowly, using graduated signals indicating desired travel speed. Watch load during hoisting for any rotation, swing, or indication of rigging shifting. Direct boom movements using appropriate signals for boom up/down, extend/retract, and slew left/right. Coordinate with tagline handlers to control load position during travel. Signal emergency stop immediately if any hazard develops including load swing approaching obstacles, personnel entering exclusion zones, or rigging showing signs of distress. Wait for operator to acknowledge each signal through horn confirmation or visible response before proceeding to next command. Maintain continuous awareness of load position relative to obstacles, powerlines, exclusion zone boundaries, and final placement location. Provide placement guidance signals directing precise positioning. Signal operator to lower load slowly to final support position.

Safety considerations

Never provide signals from positions where you cannot see both the load and the crane operator clearly. Ensure operator follows only your signals - immediately stop operations if operator appears to be following directions from other personnel. Use emergency stop signals without hesitation if any doubt exists about safety. Maintain safe personal positions clear of crane swing paths and suspended load areas.

Load Positioning and Placement

Guide load to final placement position using hand signals and tagline control. Signal operator to slow descent rate as load approaches final position allowing precise control. Coordinate with tagline handlers to orientate load correctly for placement. Verify placement area can support load weight and that support surfaces are level and stable. Watch for pinch points between descending load and existing structures or materials. Signal operator to lower slowly onto support surface. Maintain slight rigging tension until load stability is confirmed - do not release full weight immediately onto potentially unstable supports. Verify load is stable and supported adequately before signalling operator to create slack in rigging. Once load stability is confirmed, signal operator to lower hook creating enough slack in rigging for safe removal. Maintain awareness of potential pinch points between load and fixed structures during rigging removal. Remove slings, shackles, and taglines systematically while keeping hands clear of compression zones. Never place hands between loads and fixed structures while rigging is under tension. Verify load is secure and will not shift after crane support is removed. Signal operator that load is clear and hook can be raised. Return rigging equipment to designated storage location.

Safety considerations

Verify loads are stable before removing rigging - unstable loads can shift causing crushing injuries. Keep hands clear of pinch points between descending loads and support surfaces. Never rush rigging removal while loads remain tensioned. Stand in protected positions clear of potential load collapse paths during final placement.

Post-Operation Rigging Inspection and Documentation

After completing lifting operations, inspect all rigging equipment used for any damage or wear that developed during use. Check wire rope slings for new broken wires, kinking, or crushing that occurred during the lift. Examine synthetic slings for cuts, abrasion, or loading evidence. Inspect chains for link distortion or unusual wear patterns. Check shackles for any bending or thread damage. Clean rigging equipment removing concrete residue, mud, oil, or contaminants that could cause corrosion or hide damage. Store rigging equipment in designated locations protected from weather, ground moisture, and vehicle traffic. Hang slings to prevent kinking or twisting during storage. Store chains on racks rather than coiled on ground to prevent rust and tangling. Apply light oil coating to chains if long-term storage is expected. Tag any damaged equipment with "DO NOT USE - DEFECTIVE" labels and remove from work area to prevent inadvertent use. Document rigging usage, condition, and any equipment retired from service in daily dogging log. Report any significant incidents, near misses, communication failures, or safety concerns to supervision. Debrief with crane operator on operations discussing any improvements for future similar lifts.

Safety considerations

Rigging equipment inspection after use prevents damaged equipment being used on subsequent lifts. Storage in protected conditions extends equipment life and maintains serviceability. Documentation creates accountability and maintains equipment service history. Never return damaged equipment to general rigging inventory - clearly tag defects and remove from work area.

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Frequently asked questions

What qualification is required to work as a dogman in Australia?

Dogmen must hold a high-risk work licence for dogging (DG) issued by their state or territory work health and safety regulator such as WorkSafe Victoria, SafeWork NSW, or Workplace Health and Safety Queensland. Obtaining this licence requires completion of nationally recognised training unit RIIHAN301F - Conduct dogging, and demonstrating competency through practical and theoretical assessment by a registered training organisation. The assessment covers load weight estimation, rigging selection, hand signal communication, and safety procedures. Once issued, the licence must be renewed every 5 years by demonstrating continued competency. Dogmen must carry their licence during dogging work and produce it for inspection by workplace supervisors or WHS regulators. Some advanced dogging tasks may also require basic rigging (RB) or intermediate rigging (RI) licences depending on complexity of rigging configurations used.

How do I calculate the required capacity of slings for a lift?

Calculate sling capacity by dividing load weight by the number of sling legs, then apply an angle factor accounting for sling angle from vertical. For example, a 2000kg load using 4-leg sling configuration creates 500kg load per leg (2000÷4=500kg). If slings angle at 45 degrees from vertical, multiply load per leg by 1.4 angle factor (500kg x 1.4 = 700kg working load per sling leg). Select slings with safe working load exceeding this calculated requirement, preferably by 25% safety margin. Sling angle factors are: 90 degrees (vertical) = 1.0x, 60 degrees = 1.15x, 45 degrees = 1.4x, 30 degrees = 2.0x. Never use sling angles less than 30 degrees (60 degree included angle between legs) as this severely overloads slings. Also account for rigging configuration: straight lifts and basket hitches use full sling capacity, while choke hitches reduce capacity to 80% of rated capacity due to bending stresses. When uncertainty exists, select higher capacity slings and maintain steeper sling angles approaching vertical.

What should I do if I cannot determine the weight of a load?

Never proceed with lifts where load weight cannot be verified through documentation or reliable estimation. First, search for weight information on delivery paperwork, manufacturer nameplates, engineering drawings, or packaging labels. Consult with project engineers, supervisors, suppliers, or manufacturers who may have weight specifications. For assembled loads or materials, calculate weight by determining volume and multiplying by material density (concrete 2.4 tonnes/m³, steel 7.8 tonnes/m³, timber 0.5-0.8 tonnes/m³). If calculation or documentation is impossible, arrange to weigh the load using crane load moment indicators by placing minimal rigging and lifting just clear of ground to observe indicated weight. Alternatively, use portable scales, weighbridges, or load cells to determine accurate weight before proceeding with the lift. If none of these methods are practical, select rigging and crane capacity with very conservative safety factors assuming maximum possible weight, or arrange alternative lifting methods using higher capacity equipment. Never estimate weights by visual appearance or comparison to similar items - seemingly identical loads can vary 50% or more in actual weight due to internal components, moisture content, or construction variations.

What are the critical retirement criteria for lifting slings and when must they be replaced?

Wire rope slings must be retired when any of the following conditions exist: 6 or more broken wires visible in one lay length (one complete strand spiral), 10% reduction in rope diameter from nominal size, severe kinking or bird-caging distortion, heat damage evidenced by discoloration or wire fusion, core wire protrusion indicating internal strand damage, or corrosion causing visible pitting or diameter reduction. Synthetic textile slings require retirement when cuts or tears penetrate more than 10% of sling width or thickness, abrasion exposes load-bearing yarns, burns or melting from heat or friction, stitching is broken or deteriorated, chemical contamination has occurred, ultraviolet degradation indicated by discoloration or stiffness, or edge wear exceeds manufacturer limits. All slings must be retired if proof load test certification has expired (annual testing required) regardless of visual condition. Chains must be retired when pitch (link length) has increased 5% compared to new chain indicating link stretch, diameter has decreased 10% from wear, any cracks are visible under magnification, links are bent or distorted, or welds show damage on welded assemblies. When any retirement criteria are met or exceeded, immediately tag equipment with "DO NOT USE - DEFECTIVE" labels and remove from service. Never continue using rigging equipment hoping it will survive one more lift.

How should I communicate with crane operators when radio systems fail or line of sight is blocked?

When primary communication method fails, immediately cease crane operations until reliable communication can be re-established. For radio failures, first attempt to troubleshoot by checking battery levels, verifying channels match between operator and dogman radios, moving to area with less radio interference, or switching to backup radio sets if available. If radio communication cannot be restored quickly, revert to standardised hand signals per AS 2550, repositioning yourself and crane to maintain clear line of sight. For situations where line of sight is permanently blocked by structures or obstacles, establish relay system using intermediate person who can see both dogman and crane operator, forwarding hand signals between parties - brief relay person thoroughly on signal meanings and confirm their understanding before commencing operations. Alternatively, relocate crane to position providing direct line of sight even if this increases setup time. Never proceed with lifting operations using non-standard signals, relying on shouted verbal communication, or using personnel not trained in signal protocols. If reliable communication cannot be established through any method, stop work and arrange alternative lifting method, bring in different crane with better positioning, or modify site layout to enable proper communication. Document all communication failures in daily safety log and arrange equipment repair or procedure modification preventing recurrence on future lifts.

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Risk Rating

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After ControlsLow

Key Controls

• Pre-start briefing covering hazards
• PPE: hard hats, eye protection, gloves
• Emergency plan communicated to crew

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Dogman Safe Work Method Statement

What this SWMS covers

Why this SWMS matters

Hazard identification

Incorrect Load Weight Estimation Leading to Rigging or Crane Overload

Rigging Equipment Failure from Damage or Defects

Being Struck by Suspended Loads or Crane Boom During Operations

Manual Handling Injuries from Positioning Heavy Rigging Equipment

Hand and Finger Crush Injuries from Pinch Points in Rigging

Falls from Elevated Positions When Rigging Loads at Height

Communication Breakdown Between Dogman and Crane Operator

Control measures

Load Weight Verification and Documentation Review

Comprehensive Pre-Use Rigging Equipment Inspection

Exclusion Zones for Suspended Load Areas and Crane Swing Paths

Standardised Hand Signal Communication per AS 2550

Manual Handling Aids and Team Lifting for Heavy Rigging

Tagline Use for Load Control and Personnel Separation

Personal Protective Equipment for Dogging Operations

Personal protective equipment

Inspections & checks

Before work starts

During work

After work

Step-by-step work procedure

Pre-Lift Planning and Load Assessment

Rigging Equipment Selection and Inspection

Load Rigging and Attachment

Communication and Hand Signal Direction to Crane Operator

Load Positioning and Placement

Post-Operation Rigging Inspection and Documentation

Frequently asked questions

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